Antiviral Innate Immunity 

The innate immune system acts as the first line of defense against viral infections by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) like Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), and NOD-like receptors (NLRs). Upon recognition, PRRs activate signaling cascades that lead to the production of interferons (IFNs) and cytokines, which facilitate viral clearance. Emerging research also highlights the role of RNA modifications, such as m6A, in regulating antiviral responses

Autophagy

Autophagy is a cellular process where damaged organelles and pathogens are engulfed and degraded, maintaining cellular homeostasis. Autophagy has been found to regulate immunity and inflammation, playing a role in both pathogen clearance and modulating immune responses. It is also heavily involved in cell survival, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease processes

Apoptosis

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a tightly regulated process involving caspases and Bcl-2 family proteins. It ensures the removal of damaged or unwanted cells. Dysregulation of apoptosis is implicated in cancer development, autoimmune diseases, and neurodegeneration

DNA Damage Repair

DNA damage repair mechanisms, including the ATM and ATR pathways, play a critical role in maintaining genomic stability. Mutations in these pathways can lead to genomic instability, cancer, and age-related diseases. Understanding the repair mechanisms provides insights into cancer progression and aging

Endocrine & Metabolism

This field examines how hormones regulate metabolic processes and their role in diseases such as diabetes, obesity, and thyroid dysfunctions. Recent research explores the interaction between metabolism and inflammation, and how metabolic pathways influence disease progression

Epigenetics and Nuclear Signaling

Epigenetics studies modifications such as DNA methylation and histone modification, which regulate gene expression without changing the DNA sequence. Nuclear signaling pathways control these epigenetic modifications and play a crucial role in cell differentiation, cancer, and aging

Immunology

Immunology involves the study of the body's immune responses, including the innate and adaptive systems. The development of immune-based therapies, such as CAR-T cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolutionized cancer treatment. Current research focuses on improving immunotherapies and understanding autoimmune diseases​

Neuroscience

Neuroscience investigates the nervous system, including how neurons communicate and how diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s develop. Recent research focuses on neuroinflammation and the role it plays in neurodegenerative disorders​

Signal Transduction

Signal transduction refers to how cells respond to external signals through intracellular pathways such as MAPK and PI3K/AKT. These pathways regulate critical processes like cell growth, apoptosis, and immune responses. Dysregulation of signal transduction is a hallmark of cancer